Energy Crisi in Pakistan

Tarbela’s 4th extension project to add 1410 MW Posted by  admin  on August 22, 2011  in  PkToday  |  0 Comment ISLAMABAD (APP) – The total generation capacity of the Tarbela Hydropower Station will touch 4,888 megawatt mark with the addition of 1,410 MW as a result of 4th extension project. Official sources told APP on Sunday that the detailed engineering design, tender documents and PC-1 of the Tarbela 4th Extension Project were in active progress and would be completed by next month and would cost $5. 5 million provided by the World Bank.M/S Mott MacDonald (UK) was hired for the detailed engineering design of the project. The sources said that the project would take four years after award of the contract. They said the project would not only generate additional 1410 MW cheap hydel power but also save foreign exchange of $ 900 million spent on import of one million tons of furnace oil annually for equivalent generation of electricity from thermal resources. The World Bank has also shown interest in financing civil works and generating units of the project during the construction, they said.The project will also provide a cushion to undertake rehabilitation and up-gradation of the existing Tarbela Power House during the lean period. It is pertinent to mention that Tarbela`s 4th Extension Project is a part of least-cost energy generation plan, being implemented by WAPDA (Water and Power Development Authority) on priority to harness indigenous hydropower resources of the country with a view to improving the ratio of hydel electricity in the national grid. 50 MW coal power plant being installed in SIEPosted by  admin  on September 23, 2011  in  PkToday  |  1 Comment Punjab Industrial Estates (PIE) has completed initial work to install the first ever 50 megawatt (MW) coal power generation plant in Sundar Industrial Estate (SIE) in Lahore while process of getting license from NEPRA is underway. For this purpose, the Board of Dir ector of PIE has established a power committee under PIE, which will look after this and other power related projects of industrial estates of Punjab. You can read also Thin Film Solar CellChairman of PIE, SM Tanveer in a briefing to Lahore Economic Journalist Association on Thursday said extension work of 132 KVA grid station of PIE was also underway to add additional 34 megawatt in the industrial estate system to ensure uninterrupted availability of power to the industries of the SIE. Meanwhile, PIE has also started Industrial Estate development work in Bahlwal and Rahim Yar Khan with its own resources, he said adding that planning and development of ten other industrial estates in the province was also underway.He said these industrial estates would be established in Kasur Tannery Park, Gujrat, Vehari, Bahawalpur, D G Khan, Wazirabad Cutlery Cluster, Jhang, Okara, Sahiwal and Rawalpindi. He said PIE was working under the vision of Punjab Chief Minister Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif to make the Punjab an industrial hub in the country with all modern facilities. He said a 100-acre Halal Park would also be established in Rahim Yar Khan a nd Multan Industrial Estates to promote the Halal products of Pakistan and get its share from world Halal food market.He said PIEDMC made the public private partnership concept successful and completing its project without support of any government institution. He said the Punjab government had given Rs 1 billion only at the time the PIEDMC was established—and now the company is worth around Rs 15 billion. Talking about the financials of the company, S M Tanveer said that PIE BoD approved 2005 to 2008 accounts while international repute Internal and External Auditors was appointed for self-accountability of the PIEDMC.He said SIE is a state-of-the-art industrial estate in Pakistan where all utilities and concerned departments offices including SNGPL, EOBI and Social Security were established. He said as the result of the present management of the PIE, the Punjab government had abolished capital value tax. He said the master plan of Bahlwal Industrial Estate was completed and litigations in Multan Industrial Estate were finished so that work on Phase-II of this estate could be started.PIEDMC is under process of developing Rahim Yar Khan, Bhalwal, Multan Phase II and Vehari industrial estates and total available land is 1590 acres whereas the sellable land is 1,094 acres—approx 70% of the total land. Whereas the remaining 30% will be used for horticulture and infrastructure development. Chairman of PIE informed it is worth mentioning that through industrialisation of these industrial estates â€Å"we will generate 192,000 jobs. † He further explained the total contribution in the GDP of the country would be approx Rs 17 billion. OUTLINE: 1. Introduction . Pakistan’s Energy Sector 2. 1 Energy Supply 2. 2 Energy Consumption 3. Sources of Energy in Pakistan 3. 1 Non-renewable resources (Fossil fuels) a). Petroleum products b). Natural Gas c). Coal 3. 2 Renewable Resources a). Hydro power o Current Hydropower stations o Potential Hydropow er stations 3. 3 Alternative Energy Sources a). Wind b). Solar c). Agricultural biomass /biodiesel d). Tidal 3. 4 Nuclear 4. Causes of Energy Crisis 4. 1 Growing Energy Demand 4. 2 Lack of proactive and integrated planning for production of energy 4. 3 Imbalanced energy mix 4. Non-utilization of enormous indigenous energy resources   a). Thar Coal b). Hydal power generation 5. Consequences of Energy Crisis 5. 1 Economic Factors 5. 2 Agriculture Sector 5. 3 Industrial Sector 5. 4 Unemployment 5. 5 Social Issues 5. 6 Poverty 6. Conclusion 7. Recommendation/Solutions of Energy Crisis 7. 1 Judicious energy use/saving unecessary energy usage o electricity saving devices o Awareness campaign for energy saving o Reduction in unnecessary transportations o Installation of effective equipment/energy efficient in industries o Decreasing line/transmission losses . 2 Developing new energy resources o Tapping indigenous resources o Using renewable resources (water) by constructing new dams and hydro power plants   o Import of natural gas o Utilizing alternative energy resources Wind power Biodiesel /Biomass Solar Tidal o Enhancing civilian nuclear capacity 1. Introduction : Energy is considered to be life line of any economy and most vital instrument of socioeconomic development of a country. Energy is pivotal in running machinery in factories and industrial units, for lighting our cities and powering our vehicles etc.There has been an enormous increase in the demand of energy as a result of industrial development and population growth, in comparison to enhancement in energy production. Supply of energy is, therefore, far less than the actual demand, resultantly crisis has emerged. An energy crisis can be defined as any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy. 2. Pakistan’s Energy Sector: Pakistan’s energy infrastructure is not well developed, rather it is considered to be underdeveloped and poorly managed. Currentl y the country is facing severe energy crisis.Despite of strong economic growth and rising energy demand during past decade, no serious efforts have been made to install new capacity of generation. Moreover, rapid demand growth, transmission losses due to outdated infrastructure, power theft, and seasonal reductions in the availability of hydropower have worsened the situation. Consequently, the demand exceeds supply and hence load-shedding is a common phenomenon through power shutdown. 2. 1 Energy Supply : During 2009-10, Energy supply and per capita availability of energy witnessed a decline of 0. 64 % and 3. 09 % respectively in comparison to previous year.Pakistan needs around 15,000 to 20000 MW electricity per day, however, currently it is able to produce about 11,500 MW per day hence there is a shortfall of about 4000 to 9000 MW per day. This shortage is badly hampering the economic growth of the country. 2. 2 Energy Consumption : Pakistan’s energy consumption is met by mix of gas, oil, electricity, coal and LPG sources with different level of shares. Share of gas consumption stood at 43. 7 %, followed by oil 29. 0 percent, electricity 15. 3 percent, coal 10. 4 percent and LPG 1. 5 percent. 3. Sources of Energy in Pakistan: 3. 1 Non-renewable resources (Fossil fuels):  [Limited – Expensive]Non renewable resources are primarily fossil fuels emanating from remains/decomposition of animals and plants deposited deep into the earth crust and converted into oil and gas. These resources cannot be replenished. There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). a). Petroleum products: In 2009-10, consumption of petroleum products was 29% of total share of energy. Majority of crude oil is imported from gulf countries to meet the demand. Power, industry and transport sectors consume higher quantity of petroleum followed by agriculture and house holds.Petroleum is also used in generation of elec tricity, which counts 64 percent of total electricity generation (34 coming from hydro generation). Balance recoverable reserves of crude oil in country have been estimated at 303. 63 million barrels and we are extracting approximately 24 million crude oil annually, meaning if we do not explore new wells, we will exhaust our current crude oil reserves in 12-13 years. b). Natural Gas: Importance of natural gas is increasing rapidly. Average production of natural gas is 4,048. 76 million cubic feet per day as against 3,986. 53 million during corresponding last year, showing an increase of 1. 6 percent. Natural gas is used in general industry to prepare consumer items, to produce cement, for manufacturing fertilizers and to generate electricity. In form of CNG, it is used in transport sector. Share of natural gas in energy consumption is 43. 7 percent. Due to price differential between CNG and Petrol, vehicles are using converted to CNG and approximately 2. 0 million vehicles are using CNG and currently Pakistan is the largest CNG user country in the world. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) contributes around 0. 7 percent to total energy supply in country and is being imported to stop deforestation in hilly areas. ). Coal: Pakistan has coal reserves estimated at over 185 billion tonnes, including 175 billion tonnes identified at Thar coalfields. Coal is primarily being used in brick kiln and cement industries and approximately 67 percent coal is imported because indigenous coal is not considered of good quality. Guddu plant is largest plant thermal operated plant with a capacity of 1,650 MW, while two largest Independent Power Plants (IPPs) in Pakistan are Kot Addu (1,600 MW) and Hubb River (1,300 MW). 3. 2 Renewable Resources : (Unlimited – sustainable – clean)Renewable energy resources are those, which are naturally replenished and comes from resources such as water, sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat. a). Hydro power: Hydro power is gen erated by using electricity generators to extract energy from moving water. Pakistan is having rich resource of energy in hydal power, however, only 34 % of total electricity generation is coming from hydro power. Currently we are having 6555 MW against the potential of 41000 to 45000 MW. Current Hydropower stations: Tarbella Dam : 3,478 MW Ghazi Brotha: 1450 MW Mangla 1,000 MW Warsak 240 MW Chashma 184 MW Potential Hydropower stations:Diamer-Bhasha Dam 4500 MW Munda Dam – Swat river in Mohamand Agency 740 MW Kalabagh Dam 2400-3600 MW Bunji Dam 5400 MW Dasu Dam 3800 MW 3. 3 Alternative Sources of Energy  : a). Wind: Wind power harnesses the power of the wind to propel the blades of wind turbines. These turbines cause the rotation of magnets, which creates electricity. Though Pakistan has potentials of wind energy ranging from 10000 MW to 50000 MW, yet power generation through wind is in initial stages in Pakistan and currently 06 MW has been installed in first phase in Jham pir through a Turkish company and 50 MW will be installed shortly.More wind power plants will be built in Jhampir, Gharo, Keti Bandar and Bin Qasim Karachi. b). Solar : Solar power involves using solar cells to convert sunlight into electricity, using sunlight hitting solar thermal panels to convert sunlight to heat water or air. Pakistan has potential of more than 100,000 MW from solar energy. Building of solar power plants is underway in Kashmir, Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan. However, private vendors are importing panels / solar water heaters for consumption in the market. Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) is working for 20,000 solar water heaters in Gilgit Baltistan.Mobile companies have been asked by the government to shift supply of energy to their transmission towers from petroleum to solar energy panels. c). Agricultural biomass /biodiesel : Biomass production involves using garbage or other renewable resources such as sugarcane, corn or other vegetation to generat e electricity. When garbage decomposes, methane is produced and captured in pipes and later burned to produce electricity. Vegetation and wood can be burned directly to generate energy, like fossil fuels, or processed to form alcohols.Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs from biomass/biodiesel in the world, followed by USA. Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) of Pakistan has planned to generate 10 MW of electricity from municipal waste in Karachi followed by similar projects in twenty cities of country. d). Tidal: Tidal power can be extracted from Moon-gravity-powered tides by locating a water turbine in a tidal current. The turbine can turn an electrical generator, or a gas compressor, that can then store energy until needed. Coastal tides are a source of clean, free, renewable, and sustainable energy.Plans are underway in Pakistan to harness tidal energy, however, no implementation has been made so far. 3. 4 Nuclear: Nuclear power stations use nuclear fi ssion reaction to generate energy by the reaction of uranium inside a nuclear reactor. Pakistan has a small nuclear power program, with 425 MW capacity, but there are plans to increase this capacity substantially. Since Pakistan is outside the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, it is excluded from trade in nuclear plant or materials, which hinders its development of civil nuclear energy.Remaining issues in development of nuclear energy are enricment of uranium from U235 to U238, controlling chain reaction and dumping of solid waste. Pakistan Nuclear Power Reactors Reactor Type MW Construction started Commercial operation Karachi PHWR 125 1966 1972 Chashma 1 PWR 300 1993 2000 Chashma 2 PWR 300 2005 expected 2011 Total 425 MW * Pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR) – Canadian based reactors   ** Pressurized water reactor (PWR) – Chinese based reactors 4. Causes of Energy Crisis  : Pakistan’s energy crisis traces its roots to following distinct causes : * Growi ng Energy Demand over the years there is greater need of energy because of; †¢ increase in population, †¢ enhancement in lifestyle †¢ industrial and agricultural growth †¢ greater transportation needs * Lack of proactive and integrated planning for production of energy: Pakistan has had wider potentials to tap energy, however, due to lack of any integrated/proactive planning, very less number of power producing plant were installed to meet futuristic demands. Resultantly, over the years, the gap between energy demand and supply drastically grew and now against demand of 20000 MW, we are having around 11500 MW. Imbalanced energy energy mix Energy mix in Pakistan is quite imbalance in comparison to other countries, with greater reliance on non-renewable resources of gas (43. 7 %) and oil (29 % – majority of which is imported). Prices of petroleum products/crude oil fluctuate and in current Afro-Arab political crisis, the oil prices are likely to increase man ifold affecting oil prices in Pakistan. A rational energy mix planning ought to be developed giving greater dependency to renewable (hydel power), indigenous (coal) and alternative energy resources (wind and solar energy).Nuclear energy can   * Non-utilization of enormous indigenous energy resources: o Thar Coal: Pakistan is having one of the largest coal fields in Thar, having reserves of more than 175 billion tones, which exceeds equivalent oil reserves of Saudi Arabia, Iran etc. In addition to power generation, this coal can be used for chemical and fertilizer production. Moreover, employment provided to workforce can be instrumental in increasing GDP and economic prosperity to many families. o Hydal power generation :Pakistan has potential of hydro resources to generate 41000 to 45000 MW, however, only 6555 MW is currently being generated by this important renewable resource. Four large hydro power dams namely Kalabagh 3600 MW, Bhasha 4500 MW, Bunji 5400 MW and Dasu 3800 MW ca n be constructed to generate hydro electricity. Similarly, many small to medium hydro plants can be installed on rivers and canals etc. 5. Consequences of Energy Crisis : i). Economic Factors: Energy is pivotal for running all other resources and crisis of energy directly influences all other sectors of the economy.The economic progress is hampered by decline in agricultural productivity as well as by halting in operations of industries. One important factor of lower GDP and inflation of commodity prices in recent years is attributed to shortfalls in energy supply. ii). Agriculture Sector: Agricultural productivity of Pakistan is decreasing due to provision of energy for running tube wells, agricultural machinery and production of fertilizers and pesticides. Thus higher energy means higher agricultural productivity. iii).Industrial Sector: Nearly all Industrial units are run with the energy and breakage in energy supply is having dire consequences on industrial growth. As a result o f decline in energy supply, industrial units are not only being opened, but also the existing industrial units are gradually closing. iv). Unemployment: By closure of industrial units and less agricultural productivity, new employment opportunities ceased to exist and already employed manpower is shredded by the employers to increase their profit ratios. Thus energy crisis contributes towards unemployment. v).Social Issues: This factor is primarily related to the domestic usage of energy (cooking, heating and water provision). Load shedding cause unrest and frustration amongst the people and results in agitation against the government. vi). Poverty: Declination in economic growth, lower agricultural productivity, unemployment and shackling industrial growth result in increasing poverty. Currently, around forty percent of our population is living beyond poverty line and this ratio is increasing day by day. Ample control of energy crisis will surely yield in curbing the menace of pove rty. 6. Conclusion:Energy Crisis has, more or less, plagued all sectors of Pakistan’s machinery ranging from economy to industry, agriculture to social life, inflation to poverty and it is hampering national progress in a drastic manner. Nonetheless, menace of energy crisis can be overwhelmed by government through making effective policies and its proactive implementation. Simultaneously, it is the responsibility of us, the people of Pakistan, to utilize the available energy astutely and wisely to play our due role for progress of the country. 7. Recomendations/Solutions of Energy Crisis  : Energy crisis can be curtailed by : ). Reducing unnecessary energy use: o Usage of electricity saving devices o Awareness campaign for energy saving o Reduction in unnecessary transportations by developing good public transport systems and strengthening Pakistan railways   o Reduction in industrial uses with installation of effective equipment/ energy efficient and with increasing effi ciency of workforce (cost effective) o Decreasing reliance on rental power projects, because instead of doing any good, they are increasing prices of electricity. o Decreasing line losses by using efficient power transmission cables ii).Developing new energy resources : o Tapping indigenous resources (Thar coal) o Using renewable resources (water) by constructing new dams and hydro power plants   o Import of natural gas by IPI (Iran Pakistan India) and TAPI (Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India) pipelines   o Import of electricity from Tajikistan -through Pak Afghan Tajikistan transmission- and Iran (approximately 1000 MW from each of them) pipelines o Utilizing alternative energy resources : Wind power Biodiesel /Biomass Solar Tidal o Enhancing civilian nuclear capacity ENERGY CRISIS IN PAKISTAN IntroductionPresent scenario of crisis †¢ Demand supply gap †¢ Counter measures Reasons of energy crisis †¢ Unrealistic plans and improper implementation †¢ Failure of introducing new projects †¢ Underutilization of resources †¢ Circular debt †¢ International oil prices †¢ Provincial prejudices †¢ Water shortage †¢ Transmission losses †¢ Power wastage †¢ Theft of electric power †¢ Accelerating demand †¢ Minimal research/exploration Immediate efforts/goals †¢ RPPs †¢ Stabilizing industrial sector †¢ Limiting commercial supply hours Short term goals †¢ Reviving non functional power plants †¢ Revamping transmission system Thar coal project †¢ IPI gas pipeline project †¢ Alternate/renewable energy sources Long term goals †¢ Conforming foreign policy and energy needs †¢ New dams †¢ Transparency †¢ Efficient techniques and usage †¢ Measures against power theft Energy crisis in transportation sector †¢ Biofuels/synfuels †¢ Standard of public transport system Hurdles †¢ Lack of will and implementation †¢ Corruption and malpractices †¢ Trust deficit conclusion â€Å"It is evident that the fortune o f the world’s human populations, for better or for worse, are inextricably interrelated with the use that is made of energy resources. M. King Hubbert The nexus between economic prosperity and self sufficiency in energy has become essentially vital for Pakistan. Today the energy crisis looming before us is the culmination of a long list of governmental failures, malpractices along with inefficient ways of consumption and a perpetually fragile economy. The futility of apparent counter measures can be attributed to slow or non existent exploration and exploitation of new resources; outdated administrative and technical systems; lack of tactful diplomacy at international level, all requiring immediate attention.Presently, the demand-supply gap in the energy sector has reached one of its highest in the country. This gap subsequently produced huge shortage of power that has adversely affected the economy. The crippling economy was further damaged when many industrial units had to be shut down, rendering thousands jobless. Consequently, this on going chain of crises is accelerating inflation. The government has intended to counter it with Rental Power Plants (RPPs) like the previous IPPs and to ease the burden on common man the authorities claim to be providing continuous subsidies in the power sector.However, the constant trust deficit on the part of masses is not only due to the transparency issue of RPPs, it is majorly due to a constant increase in power failures and shortage, revealing an increase in the crisis instead of signs of recovery. If we take a look at the factors contributing to this enormous problem, the first and foremost one comes out to be the absence of any long term planning along with constant application of such plans. Sadly, the failures of previous governments to increase the supply of energy by new measures against the escalating demand are glari ngly obvious.Small scale projects like the Ghazi barotha only put a temporary halt to the arriving crisis instead of nipping it in the bud. Secondly, the under utilization of available resources- especially hydroelectric one which can produce double the energy it is producing now- is another major setback. The government again fails or neglects to consider the shortages in winter and up-gradation of the hydroelectric and the thermal plants regularly. Thirdly, the ‘circular debt’ is like an invisible impediment subtly fuelling up the crisis.It is an inheritance of former subsidies which the government failed to pay to the power companies, who in turn could not pay the oil and gas companies for supplies. Add to this the fluctuating international oil prices and the failing economy_ the war against terrorism and decreasing Foreign Direct investment-worsened the problem and induced further power and imported oil shortage. Subsequently, the political heads had to turn their e yes back to hydroelectric power generation.But the projects like Kalabagh Dam became victims of narrow mindedness and provincial prejudices which led to failure of consensus of opinion. Had the Kalabagh Dam been built on time, we would not be confronted with this crisis today. Also the acute shortage of water; the curtailed supply in eastern rivers by India; major consumption and wastage of water in irrigation and the decreasing capacity of Mangela and Terbela Dams due to sedimentation render the hydroelectric power generation equally problematic as the thermal power generation.Of the chronic factors, the heavy line losses plus the old and poorly maintained transmission system is a grave administrative and technical failure of public sector power companies. These line losses are comparatively very low elsewhere in the world. Similarly, in the industrial and agricultural sectors which avail more than seventy percent of total power, the outdated techniques and malpractices of consumpt ion waste more than a third of the consumed power. Moreover, the masses do not remain behind in adding to this loss. The theft of electricity, especially in urban areas has become a routine matter.Due to the decades old perception that this is a never ending crisis and no accountability whatsoever, people tend to use unfair means of obtaining electric power. Another reason is the unprecedented increase in demand of energy. It is due to the trend of enjoying luxurious life style in the past decade. This increased demand by the domestic section has greatly disturbed the usually articulated demand and consumption status. Last but not least, snail paced research, minimal exploitation of new energy reserves and exploration of new oil and gas field damages progress in the energy sector.Couple this with the never ending corruption and lack of implementation in government and power companies this crisis has become a consistent and self perpetuating one. Seen in this perspective, Pakistan no t only needs immediate efforts to reduce the demand-supply gap but also some elaborate and well chalked out immediate, short and long term plans and efforts. Thankfully, some sections in the society are aware of the magnanimity of this dire problem. The RPPs are expected to start working soon and the subsidies in the energy sector are still cushioning at least a part of the blow.But the real issue is of determining priorities and extracting maximum results even from this bleak scenario. Keeping this in view, the first policy of the government should be to supply uninterrupted supply of power to the industrial units, small or big, especially in industrial cities like Faisalabad, Gujaranwala. Also the power supply should be continuous for small local businesses throughout the country. Even if it equates to the continuation of the domestic shortage for a while, at least half of the RPPs should be employed for the industrial section.In addition, there are some non-operating power statio ns in the country which only require a little investment and technical improvements to revive them. Such power units should be made effective to pull the economy out of complete doom. Secondly, the markets and shopping centers should be strictly enforced to close their business till 10 pm at night. This save power in different parts of each city can be diverted towards the domestic consumers by means of an effective administrative local system. The media and provincial governments would be of utmost importance in this strategy.The media specially, can acquire public support and educate masses in this regard. Resultantly, they will be able to remove the trust deficit between the government and the people. Coming on to the short term goals, the main focus should be on the revival of those dead power generation units in Sindh and Punjab which can be made functional again and the systematic up-gradation of thermal and hydroelectric plants. Resultantly, these projects will maintain the s mooth flow of energy and will at least prevent any further widening in the demand-supply gap.Similarly, the replacement of transmission lines to reduce losses should fall under the auspices of the provincial governments and ministries with proper allocation of budget from the center. The replacement of expired transmission systems is long overdue. This process must be gradual and systematic to refrain from becoming a drain on the resources and it should be initiated from areas most severely hit by energy shortage. After curbing and curing the internal ills, the attention should be diverted to exploration of new fossil fuel reserves (natural gas).As the thermally generated accounts for the major share of power in Pakistan, it should be dealt with effectively. Contrary to the deficit of oil reserves, the coal reserves in Pakistan are the second largest in the world. But the delay in switching from indigenous energy sources to coal is due to the snail paced progress in the Thar Coal Pr oject that is in collaboration with China. China’ rocketing economy has driven coal industry into a new era of efficient utilization. Pakistan should take heed from China’s example and should gain technical assistance from it.Both countries can collaborate in Gwadar and Thar to explore and exploit new gas and coal reserves. Coming on to the gas pipeline projects, the IRAN-PAKISTAN-INDIA (IPI) pipeline is most realistic plausible one presently. It is at an efficiently advanced stage of implementation but has fallen prey to the disagreement in pricing formulas and trust deficit between India and Pakistan. Both the thar coal and IPI project require tactful diplomatic maneuvering and improving ties with India. An agreement between the two countries on IPI will enhance the prospects of resolving the water issue as well.Another aspect of solving this problem is the utilization of alternate and renewable resources of energy. It has been adopted by many developing and develope d countries of the country to avert this crisis, such as Brazil, India, U. S. , Holland etc. Pakistan however, lags far behind in this regard. Consequently, some NGOs and public communities have took initiative in harnessing the renewable resources of energy such as wind and solar power. Pakistan is ideally situated to make use of both these resources. Isolated cases of developing these modes of energy can be seen in the illages of Thar desert ( solar energy ) and in some areas of Thattha and Karachi ( wind energy ) but it still needs massive government support. Interestingly, the Alternate Energy Development Board (AEDB) of Pakistan has collected data of all areas in the country suitable for making use of these alternate sources of energy but initiative for utilization of these sources are absent. Pakistan can very efficiently make use of its long day light hours and wind power in the coastal region to produce power for upcoming years.Most important in the long term planning and go als must be to streamline the foreign policy of the country according to its economic and energy needs. Improving and increasing ties with future energy rich countries must not be neglected. As mentioned earlier, China can be a great asset in technical training and facilities. Similarly, bilateral relations with Russia, Central Asian, East African states needs to be strengthened. These countries are the new energy hubs of the world, and being mostly land locked (C. A. states) can make use of Gwadar port and in return assist Pakistan as well.Taking Provincial prejudices and politics into view, the matters which are indispensable for the survival of the country and economy should be kept above such strife. Building new dams, at least Kalabagh dam should be taken on without and delay. Transparency and clarity in the policies and implementation methods of government and public sector power companies is of paramount importance. Without checking corruption and applying stringent measures against malpractices, all well executed policies will ultimately become another drain for the economy.Moreover, educating the stakeholders and workers in the industrial and agricultural sectors on adoption of new and efficient practices of water and energy consumption will tend to reduce the wastage of energy. The theft of electricity must be considered and declared a heinous crime and any violations by domestic or industrial users should be liable to legal penalties and complete power cut off for such consumers. Taking a look at the energy crisis in the transportation sector, there is no doubt that fossil fuels are indeed depleting in the world and of reserves natural gas in Pakistan.To curb the hike in prices and supply shortage , research and exploration of new sites must be given impetus under the patronage of AEDB. Meanwhile, bio fuel ( alcohol or synthetic fuel ) can be produced quite easily in Pakistan. Raw materials for this fuel being wheat and other cereals are in ample su pply in Pakistan. Alcohol can be easily prepared by fermentation of molasses and is already a proper local industry in the country it just needs to be diverted in the right course. Finally, the system and standard of public transport must be improved to discourage the trend of personal vehicles which leads to greater demands of fuel.Making policies has never been the plight of our government. It is the lack of implementation which keeps the wheel of crisis moving. Today our government not only needs to take initiatives and hard decisions it also needs to give a boost to the dying economy by providing unimpeded supply of power to industries. Secondly, corruption, misuse of funds, malpractices of energy consumption and wastage must b avoided and eradicated at all costs. Last but not least, the public trust and support is of utmost important. No policy can succeed if it doesn’t enjoy public support.Media can play an effective role in creating awareness and trust that it is actua lly a global crisis which can only be solved with help and conscious effort by every citizen. Conclusively, curbing the energy crisis requires transparent efforts at every level imaginable. The future policies and projects should be so oriented as to make Pakistan self sufficient in the energy sector. Self sufficiency in the energy sector will be the key to a flourishing economy, and a stable economy can serve as a device of curbing several interlinked adversities. The sooner we realize the gravity of this as a whole, the sooner we will emerge out of this crisis.

Education of women Essay

Daniel Defoe’s essay entitled â€Å"The Education of Women† was written to emphasis the value of education for women should be more than what is was. In para- graph 1 â€Å"†¦ us a civilized and a Christian country† Defoe’s target audience was for men and for those who follow the church and God. Eng- land at this time was dominantly of Christian faith and in this essay Defoe advocates more of God’s will rather than his own to establish his own credibility and moral high ground and Defoe is able to do this by raising this issue in the minds of his Christian  readership. Although there may not be too much weight behind his view on why women needed to be educated, with referencing God throughout the essay it becomes an effective reading with his target audience. He starts with his opinion then refers to God in the next sentence. This is a regular theme from start to finish and this captures his reader’s interest early on. Defoe included this rhetorical sentences in this essay and in paragraph 3 Defoe writes â€Å"the soul is placed in the body like a rough diamond, and must be polished, or the  luster of it will never appear†. His analogy is that if you don’t polish the diamond (women and educating) then they will never shine. In paragraph 3 he uses the term God in his next sentence. â€Å"If knowledge and understanding had been useless additions to the 1 Yorke sex, God Almighty would never have given them capacities; for he made nothing needless. † He states that God made women capable of learning and that none of God’s creation is unnecessary. Defoe believes women should be educated and educating them they would simply  become better wives and companions for men. As an example of this is in paragraph 5, he does not suggest learning practical subjects such as math and science but instead, he says that they should be taught† â€Å"†¦ in particular, Music and Dancing; which it would be cruelty to bar the sex of, because they are their darlings. But besides this, they should be taught languages† He also adds that they should read history books to be more ‘cultured’ so that they can â€Å".. understand the world, and to be able to know and judge of things when  they hear of them. † Defoe’s argument is that women as an equal. In paragraph 7 he writes â€Å"Women, in my observation, have little or no difference in them, but as they are or are not distin- guished by education. † Defoe summarizes in the last paragraph with this rhetorical sentence â€Å"I refer the Practice to those Happy Days (if ever they shall be) when men shall be wise enough to mend it. † Defoe implies that if man can change his views on education for women, then a woman would be educated will be seen as an equal amongst men.

Political factors affecting business Essay

Monitoring, understanding, and adapting to the political environment is absolutely essential for any business, because it significantly affects every apect of their working. Some political factors includeisPOLITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING BUSINESS Monitoring, understanding, and adapting to the political environment is absolutely essential for any business, because it significantly affects every aspect of their working. Some political factors include †¢Stability of the government †¢Government type- monarchy, democracy, theocracy, etc. Economic policy of the government †¢Trade policy †¢Diplomatic events in surrounding countries Furthermore, political context can change for the foreseeable future. POLITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING BUSINESS Monitoring, understanding, and adapting to the political environment is absolutely essential for any business, because it significantly affects every aspect of their working. Some political factors include †¢Stability of the government †¢Government type- monarchy, democracy, theocracy, etc. †¢Economic policy of the government Trade policy †¢Diplomatic events in surrounding countries Furthermore, political context can change for the foreseeable future. POLITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING BUSINESS Monitoring, understanding, and adapting to the political environment is absolutely essential for any business, because it significantly affects every aspect of their working. Some political factors include †¢Stability of the government †¢Government type- monarchy, democracy, theocracy, etc. †¢Economic policy of the government †¢Trade policy Diplomatic events in surrounding countries Furthermore, political context can change for the foreseeable future. POLITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING BUSINESS Monitoring, understanding, and adapting to the political environment is absolutely essential for any business, because it significantly affects every aspect of their working. Some political factors include †¢Stability of the government †¢Government type- monarchy, democracy, theocracy, etc. †¢Economic policy of the government †¢Trade policy †¢Diplomatic events in surrounding countries Furthermore, political context can change for the foreseeable future. POLITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING BUSINESS Monitoring, understanding, and adapting to the political environment is absolutely essential for any business, because it significantly affects every aspect of their working. Some political factors include †¢Stability of the government †¢Government type- monarchy, democracy, theocracy, etc. †¢Economic policy of the government †¢Trade policy †¢Diplomatic events in surrounding countries Furthermore, political context can change for the foreseeable future.

Balanced Scorecard Assignment and Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Balanced Scorecard Assignment and Paper - Essay Example The report will also define the segments which need to be addressed by the baby shop in order to enhance its business. The balanced scorecard is an extension of traditional financial measures. Financial measures are solely not enough as they only provide information about the past events. These were applicable for the companies in the industrial age when investments in long-term capabilities and customer relationships were not given any preferences. In the modern technological age only financial measures are not adequate. In order to remain competitive and successful in business it is important for a business to create future value through investment in customers, suppliers, employees, processes, technology, and innovation."Â   (Balanced Scorecard Institute, 2009)Â   c. Customer value: Continuous customer support through online and telephonic support. With the changing business attitudes a need of rebounding between the customers and the business corporations is also felt. The call centers are seen as an important instrument in order to explain the sales executives what is being required by the customers in shape of products and services and hence improving the sales by targeting the actual requirements of the customers. The following advantages are attached with the use of call centers There must be a continued effort to improve all business and production processes. Quality improvement projects, such as on-time delivery, order entry efficiency, billing error rate, customer satisfaction, cycle time, scrap reduction, and supplier management, are good places to begin technical techniques such as SPC, benchmarking, quality function deployment, and designed experiments are excellent for problem solving. Employee involvement should be encouraged on every step of organisational planning, from decision making to implement change in the organisation. A program can be found effective when the employers guarantee the involvement of the employees at each

Why the musliem girls wear scarf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why the musliem girls wear scarf - Essay Example Similarly, there are many cultural, religious, and personal reasons that make a Muslim girl wear a hijab. There are different types of headscarves in the Islamic culture. Hijab is the general word used to refer to the headscarf, veil, or the verb to cover (Aldridge 15). It also describes a veil that covers the neck and the hair but leaves the face open. The Niqab veils the head and the face leaving the eyes uncovered and is adorned alongside an abaya, which is a loose black garment, the covers from the head to the feet. The Burka is a veil that covers up the woman’s body as a whole including the eyes; one sees through a grille or mesh window put across the face (Aldridge 15). The Dupatta is a commonly used by people in south Asia (Aldridge 16). Is consists of a long loose scarf draping across the head and shoulders worn with other matching clothes. Finally, the chador is common among Iranian women. It is full length cloak which covers the woman’s head and body and is held closed at its front by the woman’s hands (Aldridge 17). Religion is the main reason cited as a reason for Muslim girls wearing a hijab. The Quran talks extensively about the requirement of a woman to wear a headscarf. In Surah 24 verses 30 t0 31, Prophet Muhammad informs women that God ordered them to wear a headscarf. The message is similar in Surah 33 verse 59 (Rodwell 86). According to the Quran, Muhammad says that a veil maintains a woman modesty, which is God’s, will. The main argument against the veil is that modesty can be upheld in many different ways. For some people modesty entails wearing loose clothing, which does not enhance or flaunt their body parts. In other people’s opinion, modesty simply entails not wearing skirts that are above the knees or clothes that show ones belly button. People that question wearing the hijab based on the definition of modesty need to realize that the Quran provides and

Business Continuity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Continuity - Assignment Example It emphasizes assessing varied risks that a business faces while performing different operational functions. Finally, ‘maintaining business continuity’ is all about responding effectually towards any adverse situation, faced by a business during the conduct of various functions. This focuses on following methodical business procedures for reaping benefits (Armstrong, 2012). The above stated conceptions can be better understood with the example of improving system along with process resilience in relation to a ‘disaster recovering planning’ project. In this similar context, it can be affirmed that ‘running business continuity’ will focus on identifying the biggest risks and the mitigation costs as well. In respect to the concept of ‘developing business continuity’, the factors like developing effective continuity plans and using the valuable resources play a vital role. The notion of ‘testing business continuity’ in relation to the above example can be better explained as identifying the threats in accordance with varied risk levels and reviewing the results of such threats. Finally, ‘maintaining business continuity’ for the aforesaid example will emphasize empowering the project team and most importantly, updating project response procedures (Armstrong,

Poland Part 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Poland Part 2 - Essay Example The new Constitution embodied the many changes in the political, economic and social structures of the government including the executive, legislative and judicial branches. Intensive efforts to turn around the country’s economy largely through liberalization and adoption of globalization measures as well as political decisions like entry into the European Union and aligning itself with the NATO were resorted to by the Polish government not only to access the wider European market but to ensure the security and integrity of its territorial jurisdiction. To some extent many of these measures worked, like for example, attracting foreign direct investments into the country. There is still however vestiges of the past that refused to go away, like corruption, which are unattended to largely because of the revolutionary way with which the country transitioned and therefore the resulting inadequacies of some of the laws that were put in place during the quick changing of the guard. President. The President of the Republic of Poland acts as its Head of State and Commander-in-Chief of the country’s Armed Forces. Previously, the President was elected by the National Assembly but since 1990, this position has been electable by popular vote. The powers of the Poland President is contained in the Short Constitution which was enacted on October 17, 1992, a document which formally put into writing all the changes and reforms instituted within the years 1989 and 1990 containing, among others, the legal framework of the entire government and its responsibilities. Subsequently, the Constitution of 1997, which was approved by a majority of the people in a national referendum, divided executive power between the Council of Ministers and the President. Among the powers of the President is the prerogative to nominate the members of the Council of Ministers which is composed of the Prime Minister, the Deputy

Buyer Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Buyer Behavior - Essay Example e a product is relatively expensive and possibly technologically complex, prospective purchasers often go through a complex search and evaluation process prior to making a purchase. Various models of consumer behaviour have been developed over the years. The models reflect the different buying situations in which consumers find themselves. Factors influencing consumer behaviour must be considered as well as similar factors influencing the buying decisions in business to business transactions. An understanding of these factors and how they influence the buying decision are extremely important when putting together a selling strategy. Market research also plays an important part in helping to identify relevant facts about buyer behaviour (consumer or organizational) and provides all kinds of information which forms the basis of strategy formulation. A motive to make a certain purchase is an internal state of the purchase. While consumer behavior is observable, motives are psychological constructs that can only be inferred. Buying motives for consumer products may be classified as economic, emotional, product, and retail patronage. Some of the motives may be rational while others are emotional. To illustrate, economic motives include product durability or economy in use. Emotional motives might include romance, pleasure, or prestige. Product purchase motives might involve ease for making repairs or ease of installation. Patronage motives relate to variety for selection or promptness in delivery. Motives relate to perception. Motives come from the consumers real self, self-image, ideal self, and looking-glass self. The way consumers envision the situation to themselves helps to shape their reactions or responses to marketers appeals (Sharon, Boyle, 2004: 343). Consumer goals and needs are constantly changing in response to environmental conditions, interaction with others, and physical conditions. As individuals realize their goals, new objectives may be

Martin Luther King's Letter from a Birmingham Jail Research Paper

Martin Luther King's Letter from a Birmingham Jail - Research Paper Example After the postponement of the march for three times, which was intended by Martin Luther King and other civil rights activists and various other senior members of Birmingham's economic community, it was executed on 12th April in 1963 in Washington (Flora & Et. Al., 2002). In this march he offered ‘one of the most famous speeches in American History’ titled as â€Å"I have a dream† that apparently and most certainly was against the segregation ordinances of the then government and thus was considered to be illegal and violent (Ross, 1963). Understanding that the speech shall result into severe violations of the government rules and therefore it was decided to imprison Martin Luther King and other superiors of Birmingham economic community engaged with the execution of the march (Sanders, 2007). In his 8 days of imprisonment, Martin Luther King wrote his famous â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail†. The letter was addressed to the ‘clergymen’ of Birmingham which was promptly published by the then most renowned newspapers and magazines being smuggled out of the jail (Flora & Et. Al., 2002). The letter demonstrated the segregated life of black citizens in Birmingham highlighting the differences enacted by the white ministers in the daily life of the nation. It apparently focused on the issue indicating what the ‘whites’ had achieved and what the ‘blacks’ did not. In its core substance the letter indicated to both, the ministry of Birmingham and the Christian as well as the Jewish community of the state. This can be well identified from the statements of Martin Luther King in his letter, â€Å"My Dear Fellow Clergymen† and â€Å"I must make two honest confessions to you, my Christian and Jewish brothers† (King, 1963). T o his verdict of breaking the laws enforced by the then ministry of Birmingham, Martin Luther King Jr. provided with a brief and subtle explanation that was again targeted towards the racial discrimination between whites and blacks or ‘Negroes’. He stated that his main motive was not to be against the laws enforced by the government, but disagree with the ‘unjust’ laws which were not in the favor of human personality. In the words of King (1963), â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦at first glance it may seem rather paradoxical for us consciously to break laws†¦there are two types of laws: just and unjust. I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Thus it is that I can urge men to obey the 1954 decision of the Supreme Court, for it is morally right; and I can urge them to disobey segregation ordinances, for they are morally wrong†. His argument regarding his act of breaking the

The European Dimension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The European Dimension - Essay Example Marks & Spencer was named as the leading UK retailer responsible for fish sourcing by Greenpeace, and Marine Conservation Society. Similarly, RSPCA recognised them for their animal welfare policy and launch of a range of clothing made from Fairtrade certified cotton in clothing. Marks & Spencer has been included in the Dow Jones Sustainability and FTSE 4 Goods index. They converted all the roast, ground, and instant coffee to Fairtrade, and became the first major UK high street retailer to launch a range of clothing made from Fairtrade certified cotton (An extract from the Chairman’s speech on the occasion of CSR) (Marks & Spencer-The Company, www2.marksandspencer.com [Accessed 20 August 2006]). Marks & Spencer work to protect the environment and animal welfare, and have made huge contributions in the development of community services in countries where they have their presence. The company’s hard work has seen them included in the Dow Jones Sustainability and FTSE 4 Good Indexes and ranked equal 20th with a score of 95% in Business in the Community’s Corporate Responsibility Index (Marks & Spencer-The Company). They manage CSR under Product, People and Places. The United Kingdom, from the census gathered from 2001 showed the total population of the country at 58789194 of which, 28579869 were men, and 30209325 were women. At the same time London, based on data released on or before 13 February 2003 showed a population of 7172091.

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Market Entry Strategy for SMEs Essay

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Market Entry Strategy for SMEs - Essay Example The risks associated with entry into a new and unfamiliar market can be reduced by applying pertinent market entry strategies. Under this strategy, exporting can be divided into two parts such as indirect exporting as well as direct exporting. Indirect exporting is referred as decreasing the producer’s risk by selling the manufacturer’s product in the foreign market with the help of others. On the other hand, direct exporting signifies that a company controls the export activities as well as sells the manufactured products directly to the foreign market. Therefore, in the direct exporting strategy producers have more control on the activities of a foreign market (Tielmann, 2010). In this paper, the benefits and the disadvantages of a foreign market entry approach about exporting of small and medium enterprises (SME’s) as well as multinational enterprise (MNE’s) are discussed. Evaluating the advantages as well as the disadvantages of market entry strategy is most important in order to develop SME’s exporting. Entry strategy of exporting for SME’s can be defined as sale of goods produced by the SME’s in the foreign market with the help of agents and distributors (Bendt & Skropska, 2011). The selection of optimal entry mode strategy is imperative for SMEs in the international marketing context in order to make their presence felt in the competitive foreign markets where there are a number of existing competitors present. SMEs have been observed to possess quite simple objectives as well as organisational structures. SMEs’ key aim is to make growth as well as development, which can be ensured by maximising the anticipated profit level. However, SME’s face resource and information constraints (Decker & Zhao, 2004).

Learning machine Essay Example for Free

Learning machine Essay The author believes that like a learning machine the human brain is capable of adapting anything new regardless of the age of the person. This she deduces this from a number of arguments in the form of research done from different points of view but all leading to her conclusion. The author is not describing other peoples’ opinions. Rather she uses their arguments as the premises to end at the conclusion that she states at the beginning of her excerpt. The author uses information on neural plasticity from presentation done by Gregg Recanzone using animals, Merzenich Michaels’ research on â€Å"shaping the machinery of our brains† using the elderly and   Alison Gopniks’ research on plasticity of the brain using children and the connection to the logic of imagination all from the University of California. Columbia University’s Walter Mischels’ discussion on the ability to control our desires based on the imaginations we put on them and Sir Michael Rutter of King’s college made a presentation of the effects of early institutional deprivation[1]. To arrive at the conclusion, the author used the data from done research as the premises to support her conclusion. Though the author does not use the solid research data to support her argument, she uses the findings of the research as her arguments. The research was done correctly. There are various experiments done where there was need for comparison. There was physical experimenting in the case of study. The author shows only one side of the issue. The author relies on isolated researches, which makes the findings reliable. The author makes a valid conclusion form the data that was well intended for showing that indeed the plasticity and changes in the brain is a life long process. At any time, the conclusions made should be based on concrete and sound arguments. Arguments based on facts or pre-proven researches are valid arguments. To make a conclusion, one needs to provide valid arguments that are in line with the conclusion to be made. The conclusion made should therefore be in tandem with the arguments presented to make a valid conclusion. This is because there can be a situation where there are valid arguments but an invalid conclusion. In the excerpt, the author has used valid arguments in the form done researches to arrive at the conclusion made. The conclusion is also valid. In making a good argument, there should be no assumptions made. In the excerpt, the argument that uses the animal species of a monkey to relate to the human situation is challengeable. Real research in the human context would have been the best line of action in the case study. The education sector in the United States today is a very good example. In the New York Times on 6th July 2010. The unions are accusing the government for â€Å"undermining public education†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Is the conclusion right? What is the basis of their conclusion? In the National Education Association’s convention that began on Saturday, there is no one from the Obama administration is set to speak in the convection. This is despite the previous two-year addresses that the president had made to them. They claim that they have not seen the change they hoped for from the government. â€Å"Today our members face the most anti-educator, anti-union, anti-student environment I have ever experienced,† Dennis Van Roekel, president of the union, the National Education Association, told thousands of members gathered at the convention center.[2] The angered teachers are being blamed for the prevailing situations in the public schools. There is a connection in the article and except, the teachers unions are deriving a conclusion from the arguments that I have briefly summarized among the many more in the article. The concept of using valid arguments to arrive at a conclusion is utilized here. Like any other animal man is no exception to nature. Nature requires that the species adapt to survive. The human brain is the control system of the human body, this makes it the first to respond to the changes and hence give directive to the whole body in order to survive. As we grow, the rate of responsiveness to changes will decrease. The brain is an organ in the human body, all the body tissues are subjected to wear and tear and old age makes the body not able to replace the worn out tissues as fast as before. Therefore, the brain will have worn out tissues that will make it unable to adapt as first as before. BIBLIOGRAPHY Dillon, Sam.2010. Teachers’ Union Shuns Obama Aides at Convention. The New York Times July 6th, 2010. Retrieved on 6th July 2010 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/05/education/05teachers.html?_r=1hpw Nelson, Leah.2006. A learning machine: Plasticity and change throughout life. Retrieved on July 6th, 2006 http://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/getArticle.cfm?id=2029 [1] Leah Nelson. 2006.   A learning machine: Plasticity and change throughout life. Retrieved on 6th July 2006   http://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/getArticle.cfm?id=2029   [2] Sam Dillon. 2010. Teachers’ Union Shuns Obama Aides at Convention. The New York Times 6th, July 2010. Retrieved on 6th July 2010 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/05/education/05teachers.html?_r=1hpw

Hybrid Model of Crisis Intervention Case Study

Hybrid Model of Crisis Intervention Case Study Frances Roulet The assignment: (3-4 pages) Provide an analysis of the crisis depicted in the Case Study in this weeks Learning Resources. Explain how you would apply the Hybrid Model to the crisis in the Case Study. Integrate Maslows model into your evaluation and explain how you did so. In 1972 a military infantryman flew home alone from Vietnam. When he arrived in his hometown, San Antonio, TX, no one was there to greet him. His return was not communicated to his family, and his wife was at work in the mayor’s office while his six-year-old daughter and 10-year-old son were at school. Feeling confused and without family, friends, or military support, he took a bus to a nearby stop and walked the remainder of the way home. He searched out two guns in his home and asked his neighbor if he could borrow her car. He then left to pick up his children at school and walked into the school firing at faculty and students. Several teachers and students were gunned down. He found his two children, took them, and left for the San Antonio mayor’s office to find his wife. At that time he left his children in the car, re-loaded his guns, and went into his wife’s office, again firing his guns and apparently killing several individuals including a number of counc ilpersons, police officers, and the mayor. You are a Professor of Counselor Education and Supervision at a university in San Antonio, TX. Apply the Six-Step Model of Crisis Intervention for responding in this community. Case study: Vignette. Analysis. In the Case Vignette No. 1, the soldier had been deployed back to his hometown in San Antonio, Texas. Hoge, Lesikar, Guevara, Lange, Brundage, Engel, Orman, Messer (2002) explained that researches conducted after military conflicts, deployment stressors and exposing soldiers to combat were considered risks factors of mental health problems, including post-traumatic stress disorder, [PSTD], major depression, substance abuse, impairment in social functioning and in the ability to work and the increase use of health care services. In this case, although there is insufficient information about the infantry soldier; and, we do not know if he faced directly combat, this soldier and part of his comrades were exposed to danger, injuries and death on a daily basis. Although not everyone exposed to violence or traumatic events may develop PTSD, factors, such as, the intensity of the trauma and proximity to the circumstances can increase the propensity of developing the disorder (Phillips, LeardMann, Gumbs Smith, 2010). According to Phillips, LeardMann, Gumbs Smith (2010) when a person is exposed to combat, and have constant threats of death or witness to it, serious injury or witness to it become significant risk factors for screening positive for postdeployment PTSD among soldiers as well as, violence exposures prior entering the infantry. Hoge, Castro, Messer, McGurk, Cotting, Koffman (2004) explained that soldiers and marines presented new onset PTSD after returning from combat several months later. These investigators explained that in their study a 7.6% was revealed with probable new onset PTSD. In the Case Vignette No. 1, he definitely was presenting new onset symptoms for PTSD because he felt confused, alone without support and no communication. There is a probability that he might have been impacted and presented symptoms of PTSD before being deployed to Vietnam, and returned traumatized with his experience in Vietnam. The infantry soldier of this case, was impacted, and presented symptoms of PTSD apparently before being deployed to Vietnam, and returned even more traumatized with his Vietnam experience. These same investigators explained that one study was conducted before the military operation with Iraq and Afghanistan and they discovered that a 6 of all US military service personnel on active duty received treatment for mental disorders each year (Hoge, Castro, Messer, McGurk, Cotting, Koffman, 2004). Based on my analysis, this case has greater risk for developing a combat related psychological disorder, not to mention criminal charges for hurting and killing innocent people. And, at his return, he found out that there was no communication was done before his arrival, no family member’s to receive. Phillips, LeardMann, Gumbs Smith (2010) explained that when a person is exposed to combat, and, have constant threat of death or witness to it, serious injury or witness to it become significant risk factors for screening positive for post-deployment PTSD. Hybrid Model to the crisis in the Case Study TRIAGE ASSESSMENT FORM: CRISIS INTERVENTION CRISIS EVENT. Identify and describe briefly the crisis situation: The identified male is a Vietnam infantry soldier rushed in emergency during morning hours. There were direct witness to several traumatic events and victims of a shooting. Some of these traumatic events were: The lost of coworkers, friends and neighbors of the community. The impact of an extreme loud noise impacting their physical being. AFFECTIVE DOMAIN Identify and describe briefly the affect that is present. (If more than one affect is experienced, rate with #1 being primary, #2 secondary, #3 tertiary.) No. 1. Feeling of fear and anxiety: The victims remain with a high level of fear that could be badly hurt or killed. After being a direct witness to the whole event of shooting and seeing people he knew from the community and how they were falling and dispersing. The victims may present a possibility of not being able to remember details of how they managed to escape from the traumatic event. No. 2. Feeling of being confused: Feeling confused of what happened or not being able to comprehend the traumatic event. No. 2. Feeling of guilty: Feeling guilty of running away from the event when they could of helped a neighbor, friend or co-worker. No. 2. Feeling anguished when speaking of the traumatized events. No. 2. Feeling sad. No. 3. Anger feelings completely repressed. Affective Severity Scale Circle the number that most closely corresponds with client’s reaction to crisis. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Moderate Impairment à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  7 Affect may be incongruent with situation. Extended periods of intense negative moods. Mood is experienced noticeably more intensely than situation warrants. Affects may be obviously incongruent with situation. BEHAVIORAL DOMAIN Identify and describe briefly which behavior is currently being used. (If more than one behavior is utilized, rate with #1 being primary, #2 secondary, #3 tertiary.) APPROACH: Direct witness to several traumatic events, such as the scene of bodies of people around the victims. The tendency of the victims is running as far as they can from the traumatic and noxious event. AVOIDANCE: Victims may not want to avoid meeting new friends in order to develop and maintain a social circle. And, also may avoid having the opportunity of a new relationship. IMMOBILITY: The victims may constantly be re-experiencing the traumatic event of Vietnam. Their spontaneous memories of the traumatic events, recurrent dreams about the mornings where he was exploded the attacks, that killed several people and injured others were rushed that same morning. They might present flashbacks of the dramatic and traumatic events of the morning. The victims explained especially when they turn around to see what had happened. And, they see others being abused and terrorized. They immediately remember the traumatic event and they keep seeing more people dead. Then, they begins feeling scared and non trustful from all people that surrounds them. They present a prolonged distress. Behavioral Severity Scale Circle the number that most closely corresponds with client’s reaction to crisis. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Moderate Impairment à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  7 Behaviors are maladaptive but not immediately destructive. Behaviors are difficult to control even with repeated requests. Behavior is becoming a threat to self or others and increasingly difficult to control. Ability to perform tasks necessary for daily functioning may be noticeably compromised. COGNITIVE DOMAIN Identify if a transgression, threat, or loss has occurred in the following areas and describe briefly. (If more than one cognitive response occurs, rate with #1 being primary, #2 secondary, #3 tertiary PHYSICAL (food, water, safety, shelter, etc.): During the escape from the shooting, and although they do not recall how they managed to escape or how they managed to get to the opposite side of the affected area, they suffered deprivation of safety and medical and psychological attention for several minutes. According to Gilliland (2013) the transgression, threat, loss or the three may be perceived as an association to whatever the person physical needs are. ___1___ TRANSGRESSION ___1____THREAT ___1____LOSS PSYCHOLOGICAL (self-concept, emotional well being, identity, etc.): They present a persistent and distorted sense of confusion or guiltiness of not able to help others. They may present arousal when presenting sleep disturbance, hyper-vigilance during the following weeks. ___1___ TRANSGRESSION ___1____THREAT ___1____LOSS SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS (family, friends, co-workers, etc.): Some of the victims may have lost friends, family members, and neighbors when they were forced to run for their lives in order to continue living after the traumatic event suffered. They may markedly diminished interest in activities, such as their social life and interpersonal relationships. Gilliland (2013) explains that the disturbance, regardless of its triggers causes clinical significant distress and at times impairment in her social interactions and capacity to work. ___1___ TRANSGRESSION ___1____THREAT ___1____LOSS MORAL/SPIRITUAL (personal integrity, values, belief system, etc.): They might questioned their spiritual believes, or may want to see a representative of their religious community in order to feel reassure their spiritual believes ___1___ TRANSGRESSION ___1____THREAT ____1___LOSS Cognitive Severity Scale Circle the number that most closely corresponds with client’s reaction to crisis. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Moderate Impairment à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  7 Client’s perception and interpretation of crisis event may differ in some respects with reality of situation. Intrusive thoughts of crisis event with limited control. Problem solving and decision-making abilities adversely affected by obsessiveness, self-doubt, confusion. Client experiences recurrent difficulties with problem-solving and decision making abilities. Problem-solving and decision making abilities minimally affected. Client’s perception and interpretation of crisis event substantially match with reality of situation. DOMAIN SEVERITY SCALE SUMMARY Affective à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  7 Cognitive à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  7 Behavioral à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  7 Total à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  21 Developmental Ecological Assessment Approach. Stage of Psychosocial Development. In this particular case, the developmental psychosocial stages of all the victims were working class adults in their working environment and during normal working hours. And, school students in an early morning studying period hours of a regular weekday. References Hoge, C., W., Castro, C., A., Messer, S., C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I. Koffman, R., L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(1): 13-22. Hoge, C., W., Lesikar, S., E., Guevara, R., Lange, J., Brundage, J., F., Engel, C., C., Orman, D., T. Messer, S., C. (2002). Mental Disorders among US military personnel in the 1990s: Association with high levels of Health care utilization and early military attrition. American Journal Psychiatry, 159: 1576-1583. James, R. Gilliland, B. (2013). Crisis Intervention Strategies. (7th Edition). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. Phillips, C. J., LeardMann, C. A., Gumbs, G. R., Smith, B. (2010). Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder among deployed US male marines. BMC Psychiatry, 10(1): 52. Vogt, D. S., Tanner, L. R. (2007). Risk and resilience factors for posttraumatic stress symptomatology in Gulf War I veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(1): 27-38.

Issues with Balanced Scorecard: A Case Study

Issues with Balanced Scorecard: A Case Study I. â€Å"I think Fitzharrys Ltd’s financial statements are incomplete. a. They contain nothing about the company’s plans and budgets for the year to 31 December 2005, nor about performance since the year end. Its directors are failing in their duty to keep shareholders fully informed of the company’s current performance.† The most up to date records that are available are the records ending in 2004. Although they may not be entirely up to date for the complete benefit of the shareholders, they are the only records that we have to go on. However the results that we do have seem to paint a positive enough picture for us to be confident going forward. They show that Fitzharrys Ltd profit margin and other key indicators have risen inexorably over the past few years, giving Larkmead much to go on when looking at a potential purchase. The figures which we have so far are more than satisfactory, and therefore for us they do not pose a significant problem b. We know that the company has a great deal of goodwill represented by its established name, professional staff and loyal customers. Why does this asset not appear in the financial statements?† There are many possible good reasons as to why the company’s goodwill does not appear in the financial statements. Goodwill is in itself an intangible asset. Whilst there are ways of measuring goodwill, it is not one of the key indicators that we are looking at. It is true that the goodwill of the company may add to what we have to pay for Fitzharrys Ltd, however goodwill is very much an important asset which we will see the many benefits of in any merger. A merger destroys the target’s ‘old’ goodwill and creates ‘new’ goodwill to appear in consolidated books. As such I am unconcerned about the fact that goodwill is not represented on these statements, and feel that it will provide a bonus for Larkmead after any takeover. The fact that it does not appear in the financial statements is more likely than not due to the fact that goodwill is difficult to define in purely monetary terms. II.  I think its financial statements are wrong. The company increased its profit but its cash balance has declined in the year. How can this be correct?† The fact that its profits are up can be seen to be the most important factor. There are also several other factors to be taken into consideration, and I do not believe that these figures are necessarily incorrect. When a profit is recorded other changes on the balance sheet depend on revenue transactions and expense transactions. Often a transaction does not significantly affect the balances in an account as many other factors come into play as a result. The figures which are available are satisfactory and are enough to suggest that Fitzharrys Ltd would be a good investment. III.  The money Fitzharrys Ltd is owed by its customers has gone up by over 55% from 2003 to 2004, and this in a time of recession. Have they lost control over the situation? They may well be owed money; however they are a company who are paid in large by the public sector. Central and local government are not a high debt risk and we can be fairly confident that they will pay back the money which is owed to Fitzharrys Ltd. We will not need debt collection agencies to deal with any central government clients. The country was not in recession in 2003 and 2004, and therefore construction projects undertaken by the government or local councils were not unusual, and I am sure that Fitzharrys ltd had good reasons for accepting credit from these agencies. We can certainly be totally confident that the money will be paid back. Therefore in this case it is not fair to say that the management at Fitzharrys Ltd has lost control over the situation. On the contrary they have gained several good and reliable business contacts. We can be confident to the reliability of Fitzharry Ltd’s clients that the situation is not as bad as if the debtors were individual customers of dubious credit history. IV.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A similar thing has happened to its inventory – it has gone up by nearly 40% as well. Surely this must indicate a lack of management control?† The fact that Fitzharrys Ltd’s inventory has gone up by nearly 40 per cent does not necessarily indicate that there has been any loss of management control by the company. An inventory is a list of goods and materials which is owned by the company – in this case it will be made up largely of construction related stock. In a growing construction company it is only natural that the inventory on that companies books will also grow. In the case of stock which is held by the company, the stock is all produce that can be sold on by the company and therefore adds to Fitzharrys Ltd’s overall value and desirability. Any businesses which stocks too little inventory will then be unable to take advantage of large orders from any customers. It can be seen as generally good overall practice for Fitzharrys Ltd to have this large an inventory as it represents stock that can be used for the benefit of potential clients or, alternatively, can be sold at a profit. However I do share your concern about the level of inventory, at least to a certain extent as there are sometimes problems which an excessive amount of inventory can bring. For one thing there are many things which can be hidden by the account of inventory. Also, whilst it is an asset on the balance sheet, at the same time it is also money tied up which could be used for another purpose other than stock just sitting in a warehouse. Plus, it should be taken into account that a high inventory causes significant tax expenses, which is clearly not desirable. However looking at the overall picture I am unconcerned about this rise in inventory. It shows that the company is growing, can expect further business, and it does not in any way seem to indicate any loss of management control by Fitzharrys Ltd. V.  I may have to sell some of my shares in Larkmead plc. My stockbroker tells me companies like ours have a price/earnings ratio of about 11 to 1. What does this mean, and what does it indicate about the price I should sell my shares for?† Price/Earnings (P/E) Ratio is calculated as Market Value Per Share over the Earnings Per Share (EPS) of the company in question. A high P/E means that investors are expecting higher earnings growth in the future from that company. The lower the required rate of return then the greater the growth of earnings. The price earnings ratio tends to rise when the rate of return on surplus rises relative to the rate of growth of profitable investment opportunities. As bubbles inflate price-earnings ratios will rise above those predicted by fundamental analysis. Therefore in recent years many businesses may have experienced inflated Price Earnings ratios, and with the oncoming recession it could reasonably expected that the Price Earnings ratio will fall. In your case 11/1 translates as 11. In the same way as 49/7 calculates as seven – this is how P/E is calculated. 11 is just below what you might expect to be the average for a P/E ratio, and therefore will fetch a fairly decent total on the stock market. A balanced scorecard is a performance managing tool which is used for making sure that the various component parts of an organisation share one general overall shared goal. It is a highly effective way of assessing corporate performance. A balanced scorecard approach focuses not only on financial outcomes, but also on other key organisational factors, such as an organsiations’ employees and its customers. The balanced scorecard approach has been enormously successful and popular[1] since its introduction. It is estimated that by 2005 the Balanced Scorecard approach had been adopted by 44 per cent of the UKs top FTSE 100 companies[2] meaning that it has almost eclipsed the traditional focus on reported profitability by organisations The first individuals to put forward the balanced scorecard approach were Robert Kaplan and David Norton in the early nineties, although many of the practices that they set up had been in use for a while, with companies such as General Electric being pioneers in the 1950s. Kaplan and Norton were concerned with producing alignment in companies and suggested the use of the balanced scorecard approach, whilst they also suggested other methods such as Strategy Maps.[3] The strategic balanced scorecard is built up around central key perspectives – often four perspectives but occasionally up to five perspectives. These are the financial perspective, the customer perspective, the internal processes perspective, the perspective of innovation and improvement, and the employee perspective. The financial perspective was previously the only perspective which mattered in many organisational models, and the disproportionate focus on reported profitability was a problem. Hence the use of the word ‘balanced’ in the balanced scorecard, as the other perspectives provide a balance against the financial perspective, thus helping organisations to provide an effective overall strategy. Many of the benefits of balanced scorecards come from the implementation methods. There are typically four processes in implementing balanced scorecards. Firstly translating the vision of the organisation into operational goals. Secondly communicating that vision and linking that vision to individual performances of members of staff operating within the organsiational framework. Thirdly business planning, and finally receiving feedback and adjusting the strategy in accordance with that feedback. The balanced scorecard relies on key performance indicators such as customer satisfaction and overall equipment effectiveness. The balanced scorecard defines the strategic linkages to integrate performance across organisations, and aligns strategic initiatives. A balanced scorecard tends to have a set of goals which are linked to each of the four or five core perspectives. Once the goals linked to the perspectives have been decided upon then links are found between the goals across the various perspectives in order to join up the various component parts of the companies overall corporate strategy. These various links help to provide an effective overall joined-up corporate strategy. The role of the balanced scorecard is therefore to clarify strategy, to focus an organisation and to make the strategy easily operational. The balanced scorecard helps to promote an overall vision and it acts as an umbrella for a variety of often disconnected corporate programmes. Another advantage of the balanced scorecard is that it is not over-complicated, and it therefore does not result in confusion as to the meaning of the various perspectives and goals. In order to prevent any such confusion it is worth being cautious about setting an excessive number of objectives, as this can be a disadvantage[4], introducing confusion to a relatively simple system. A balanced scorecard is a highly desirable tool as it helps to provide an overall organisational performance, which is very much important in business. An example of an organistaion which naturally has an obvious overall strategy is a football club. Whereas at a football club everyone knows that your aim is to score goals and move up the league table, such clear aims do not necessarily exist in an organisation, particularly for individual employees working in that organisation who often only see there existence as within their little team. The aim of the balanced scorecard was to move away from this narrow perspective, and to create a broader vision where what the company is trying to achieve becomes more obvious for employees. A sporting analogy can often be successful in an organsiation As with football clubs, in business a simple goal is always most desirable. Progress needs to be communicated to individuals in a business, in a similar way to how they would in a football club. A balanced scorecard provides a methodology that turns the eyes of all employees in a single direction, and helps those at the top of the organisation keep in contact with those in the rest of the organsiation. The role of feedback in the balanced scorecard method is vital. The balanced scorecard is however not entirely without its critics. One criticism of balanced scorecards is that they are not based on any proven financial or economic theory, and that the relative youth of the theory means that few holes have yet to be picked in the scorecard. There is also a belief that positive feedback from balanced scorecards could be in part due to a sort of placebo effect from companies who are in thrall to the supposed wonder of balanced scorecards, and are incapable of looking at balanced scorecards with a critical eye. These criticisms will still take several years to be borne out, however it does seem at this time that those companies – both public sector and private sector – are very happy with the advances that the balanced scorecard has brought. As a result of this criticisms of the balanced scorecard approach are still very much few and far between. In conclusion a balanced scorecard is very useful in providing an overall organisational vision and organisational strategy. Through a balanced scorecard the often undervalued employees are included as part of an overall vision in an organsiation, and are helped to understand their overall role and their responsibilities. In this way corporate performance is assessed and feedback can in turn go back to the top of the organsiation so that improvements can be successfully implemented. The traditional focus on reported profitability lacks the subtlety of the balanced scorecard approach, which is perhaps why top organsiations in both the public and the private sector are increasingly using the balanced scorecard approach to the assessment of corporate performance. It certainly seems to be a highly successful mode of assessment, and any criticisms are yet to be fully fleshed out. By providing a framework of assessment which works this effectively, overall organisational goals can be more easily set out any implemented. Bibliography Kaplan, R.S. Norton, D.P. 1996, The Balanced Scorecard: Translating Strategy into Action, Harvard Business School Press, Harvard. Kpcke, Richard W., â€Å"Profits and Stock Prices: The Importance of Being Earnest†, New England Economic Review, 1992, p 26+ Maclean, Rob, â€Å"Alignment: Using the Balanced Scorecard to Create Corporate Synergies†, Australian Journal of Management, Volume: 31. Issue: 2, 2006, p 367+ Stancil, John L., â€Å"Balanced Scorecard Diagnostics-Maintaining Maximum Performance†, Issues in Accounting Education, Volume: 21. Issue: 2, 2006, p 158+ â€Å"Kaplan Brings Balanced Scorecard to Brum†, The Birmingham Post, March 11 2005 Footnotes [1] Maclean, Rob, â€Å"Alignment: Using the Balanced Scorecard to Create Corporate Synergies†, Australian Journal of Management, Volume: 31. Issue: 2, 2006, p 367+ [2] â€Å"Kaplan Brings Balanced Scorecard to Brum†, The Birmingham Post, March 11 2005 [3] Maclean, Rob, â€Å"Alignment: Using the Balanced Scorecard to Create Corporate Synergies†, Australian Journal of Management, Volume: 31. Issue: 2, 2006, p 367+ [4] Stancil, John L., â€Å"Balanced Scorecard Diagnostics-Maintaining Maximum Performance†, Issues in Accounting Education, Volume: 21. Issue: 2, 2006, p 158+

Metamorphosis Of Narcissus - Salvador Dali Essay -- Art Artwork

The painting Metamorphosis of Narcissus was created in 1937 by oil on canvas by Salvador Dali. This painting uses a lot of images to say what it means, for example, a person, a hand, water, a starving dog, a chess board, a canyon or cliff, and people. This is not to fill the paper or distract the viewer from the suggested meaning or point, but to support the idea that hope and despair are reflections of one another; on opposite sides of a coin, spinning in mid-air, waiting to land and fix or destroy everything. The first thing that one thinks upon first seeing it, from far away, is that Dali just painted the same thing twice. From afar, it appears as if he simply cut the canvas down the middle and made one side brown and the other blue, but on closer inspection, one sees that the two sides, although very similar, are nothing alike. On one side, there sits a limp body staring at the reflection of herself in the water that she sinks in. The setting sun glistens off the back of her head, but she just wallows in grim depression and boredom. The canyons trap her in the barren wasteland as she sits motionless, without movement, struggle, or life. This mysterious figure looks so vacant that it might as well be dead. Nothing is happening on this side, so one's attention is directed to the other. On the other side, a blue decaying hand emerges from the ground with ants crawling on it, possibly making their homes in it or finding food on it. Atop this pedestal, rests an egg with a flower sprouting from it. This display of life emerging from the dead is a symbol of hope and beauty. To the left of the hand, a very unhealthy malnourished dog feasts on fresh meat; his salvation is handed to him and he survives. Behind the dog is a chess board with a young man in the middle of it, proudly surveying the battlefield as though it were his kingdom. To his left are people on a road that leads off into the horizon. All these things symbolize new beginnings out of old life and hope from death. The message that Salvador Dali was trying to get across is that hope and despair, failure and victory, and life and death are all equal forces, each one pulling the other in an eternal war to balance everything. It's all a cycle, and like all cycles, it repeats itself forever and ever, and there's no way of having one without the other. Guemi... ...es. Texture is kept to a minimum in the specific work as it is a very two dimensional art work and as is common of the cubism style. He has made extremely good use of space as nearly the entire canvas is used, while maintaining the balance which is necessary to keep the composition aesthetically pleasing. Among the many symbolic images in the work are a bull, a horse a soldier with a broken sword and a woman looking out of a window with a very concerned look on her face. The broken sword in the soldiers hand, which can be seen at the bottom center of the composition was used to symbolize the broken spirits and the failure to resist on the part of the people. The woman is a symbol of concern for the fighting people by people who have succeeded in being able to see the whole picture. The largest contributing factor to "Guernica's" overall appeal is the excellent use of symbolism which encourages it's audience to think. If ever given the opportunity I would be most interested in seeing the original of this work. I have gained a lot of respect for not only the artistic integrity of this painting, but also for Pablo Picasso as an overall intuitive and creative person. Metamorphosis Of Narcissus - Salvador Dali Essay -- Art Artwork The painting Metamorphosis of Narcissus was created in 1937 by oil on canvas by Salvador Dali. This painting uses a lot of images to say what it means, for example, a person, a hand, water, a starving dog, a chess board, a canyon or cliff, and people. This is not to fill the paper or distract the viewer from the suggested meaning or point, but to support the idea that hope and despair are reflections of one another; on opposite sides of a coin, spinning in mid-air, waiting to land and fix or destroy everything. The first thing that one thinks upon first seeing it, from far away, is that Dali just painted the same thing twice. From afar, it appears as if he simply cut the canvas down the middle and made one side brown and the other blue, but on closer inspection, one sees that the two sides, although very similar, are nothing alike. On one side, there sits a limp body staring at the reflection of herself in the water that she sinks in. The setting sun glistens off the back of her head, but she just wallows in grim depression and boredom. The canyons trap her in the barren wasteland as she sits motionless, without movement, struggle, or life. This mysterious figure looks so vacant that it might as well be dead. Nothing is happening on this side, so one's attention is directed to the other. On the other side, a blue decaying hand emerges from the ground with ants crawling on it, possibly making their homes in it or finding food on it. Atop this pedestal, rests an egg with a flower sprouting from it. This display of life emerging from the dead is a symbol of hope and beauty. To the left of the hand, a very unhealthy malnourished dog feasts on fresh meat; his salvation is handed to him and he survives. Behind the dog is a chess board with a young man in the middle of it, proudly surveying the battlefield as though it were his kingdom. To his left are people on a road that leads off into the horizon. All these things symbolize new beginnings out of old life and hope from death. The message that Salvador Dali was trying to get across is that hope and despair, failure and victory, and life and death are all equal forces, each one pulling the other in an eternal war to balance everything. It's all a cycle, and like all cycles, it repeats itself forever and ever, and there's no way of having one without the other. Guemi... ...es. Texture is kept to a minimum in the specific work as it is a very two dimensional art work and as is common of the cubism style. He has made extremely good use of space as nearly the entire canvas is used, while maintaining the balance which is necessary to keep the composition aesthetically pleasing. Among the many symbolic images in the work are a bull, a horse a soldier with a broken sword and a woman looking out of a window with a very concerned look on her face. The broken sword in the soldiers hand, which can be seen at the bottom center of the composition was used to symbolize the broken spirits and the failure to resist on the part of the people. The woman is a symbol of concern for the fighting people by people who have succeeded in being able to see the whole picture. The largest contributing factor to "Guernica's" overall appeal is the excellent use of symbolism which encourages it's audience to think. If ever given the opportunity I would be most interested in seeing the original of this work. I have gained a lot of respect for not only the artistic integrity of this painting, but also for Pablo Picasso as an overall intuitive and creative person.

College Sports :: essays research papers

Are things equal between the sexes in college sports? "Monday night football won't be shown this week, instead women's field hockey will be aired." Monday night football has been a long lasting American pastime and a change like this would tend to really shock and upset millions of dedicated football fans. This group, made up of mostly men gather round the tube each week for a chance to watch men running around a field carrying a ball and running into each other. The situation I stated earlier probably won't happen, at least not in the near future. Men's sports still seem to dominate, and in order to allow this to be changed, certain steps must be taken. First of all, the situation needs to be addressed as a serious problem, then those people affected need to be determined. Next, the cause of the problem needs to be addressed and finally, it is time to think of solutions. So, first of all, is there really a problem? Why does it matter that men get all the attention in sports? That's the way it has been for hundreds of years dating back to the first Olympics. But then again why should men get all the attention, women work just as hard as men at their sports, why not give them some credit? Men and women are treated differently in sports ranging from the size of budgets, the number of scholarships given, and in how many athletes are participating in sports. Men's athletic budgets are without a doubt a lot higher than women's athletic budgets. On average men's athletic budgets are nearly five times that of women's (Moline 18). An example of this is at schools that offer women's sports of field hockey and volleyball that have budgets less than 20% of that which is allocated for men's sports. Overall operating funds for women's sports are about three times that of men's. Funding for individual sports is different but when all added together men receive a lot more money for their sports than women. Another difference between men's and women's sports is the number of athletic scholarships given to athletes of differing sexes. Male athletes, as a whole, receive twice the number of scholarships that women athletes receive. In a survey conducted by the NCAA( national collegiate athletic association) of 253 division 1 schools, athletic scholarship funding was 69.5% for men and 30. College Sports :: essays research papers Are things equal between the sexes in college sports? "Monday night football won't be shown this week, instead women's field hockey will be aired." Monday night football has been a long lasting American pastime and a change like this would tend to really shock and upset millions of dedicated football fans. This group, made up of mostly men gather round the tube each week for a chance to watch men running around a field carrying a ball and running into each other. The situation I stated earlier probably won't happen, at least not in the near future. Men's sports still seem to dominate, and in order to allow this to be changed, certain steps must be taken. First of all, the situation needs to be addressed as a serious problem, then those people affected need to be determined. Next, the cause of the problem needs to be addressed and finally, it is time to think of solutions. So, first of all, is there really a problem? Why does it matter that men get all the attention in sports? That's the way it has been for hundreds of years dating back to the first Olympics. But then again why should men get all the attention, women work just as hard as men at their sports, why not give them some credit? Men and women are treated differently in sports ranging from the size of budgets, the number of scholarships given, and in how many athletes are participating in sports. Men's athletic budgets are without a doubt a lot higher than women's athletic budgets. On average men's athletic budgets are nearly five times that of women's (Moline 18). An example of this is at schools that offer women's sports of field hockey and volleyball that have budgets less than 20% of that which is allocated for men's sports. Overall operating funds for women's sports are about three times that of men's. Funding for individual sports is different but when all added together men receive a lot more money for their sports than women. Another difference between men's and women's sports is the number of athletic scholarships given to athletes of differing sexes. Male athletes, as a whole, receive twice the number of scholarships that women athletes receive. In a survey conducted by the NCAA( national collegiate athletic association) of 253 division 1 schools, athletic scholarship funding was 69.5% for men and 30.